International Legal Framework

The instruments that constitute the international legal framework on migration have been selected for their foundational nature and their continued validity in international law as of 2026. The following list compiles treaties, conventions, and protocols that, taken together, outline the responsibilities of States and the rights of people in human mobility –migrants, refugees–. These documents address fundamental issues such as protection against persecution and enforced disappearance, as well as the legal status of refugees. They are presented below in alphabetical order to facilitate consultation and reference.

Convention relating to the Status of Refugees | OHCHR Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-relating-status-refugees Adopted: 28 July 1951 · By: General Assembly resolution 429 (V)

The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees was adopted on July 28, 1951, by the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons convened under General Assembly resolution 429 (V) of 14 December 1950, and entered into force on April 22, 1954, in accordance with article 43. This convention is applicable to any person who, owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, among others, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country. The convention also establishes minimum standards for the treatment of refugees, including rights to employment, education, housing, access to courts, freedom of religion, and access to travel documents.

Global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration | International Organization for Migration Available at: https://www.iom.int/global-compact-migration Adopted: 19 December 2018 · By: General Assembly resolution (A/RES/73/195)

The Global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration was approved on December 19, 2018, by the United Nations General Assembly; and is the first intergovernmental agreement to cover all dimensions of international migration. This agreement provides an unprecedented opportunity to strengthen migration governance and is the first intergovernmental agreement covering all dimensions of international migration; it has been designed to support international cooperation on the governance of international migration, it is important to mention that it is a non-legally binding agreement.

Global Compact on Refugees | UNHCR Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/about-unhcr/overview/global-compact-refugees Full agreement available at: https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/5c658aed4.pdf Resolution ‘A/RES/73/151’ available at: https://www.unhcr.org/us/sites/en-us/files/legacy-pdf/5c4088f44.pdf Adopted: 17 December 2018 · By: General Assembly resolution A/RES/73/151

The Global Compact on Refugees was adopted on December 17, 2018, by the General Assembly through Resolution A/RES/73/151. The Global Compact is not legally binding; however, it serves as a guide for governments and international organizations in ensuring support for refugee-hosting communities. The compact has set the following objectives: 1) to alleviate pressures on host countries; 2) to promote the self-reliance of refugees; 3) to expand access to solutions involving third countries; and 4) to foster conditions in countries of origin that facilitate a dignified and safe return.

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance | OHCHR Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-protection-all-persons-enforced Adopted: 20 December 2006 · By: General Assembly resolution 61/177

The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 20, 2006, pursuant to Resolution 61/177, and entered into force on December 23, 2010, in accordance with article 39. This convention is applicable to all persons and aims to prevent enforced disappearances and combat impunity for this crime; it is a vital legal instrument because it establishes that no one shall be subjected to enforced disappearance and that no exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war, threat of war, internal political instability, or any other public emergency, may be invoked as a justification. Furthermore, this convention specifically relates to migration because enforced disappearance disproportionately affects migrants, particularly in contexts where they are abducted or disappeared by criminal groups.

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families | OHCHR Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-protection-rights-all-migrant-workers Adopted: 18 December 1990 · By: General Assembly resolution 45/158

The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 18, 1990, pursuant to Resolution 45/158, and entered into force on July 1, 2003, in accordance with article 87. This convention is applicable to all migrant workers and members of their families without distinction of any kind such as race, sex, religion ethnic, nationality, among others. It is an important legal instrument for migrant workers, regardless of their migratory status, given that in practice they are often employed under working conditions that are more unfavourable than other workers.

New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants | UNHCR Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/what-we-do/protect-human-rights/asylum-and-migration/new-york-declaration-refugees-and-migrants Resolution ‘A/RES/71/1’ available at: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/844669?ln=es&v=pdf Adopted: 19 September 2016 · By: General Assembly resolution A/RES/71/1

The New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants was adopted on September 19, 2016, by the United Nations General Assembly as a series of non-binding commitments to improve the protection of refugees and migrants. Its main objectives are to promote the self-reliance of refugees, expand access to solutions in third countries, reduce pressure on host countries, and support conditions in countries of origin to enable a safe and dignified return for these individuals.

Protocol against the smuggling of migrants by land, sea and air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime | OHCHR Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-against-smuggling-migrants-land-sea-and-air Adopted: 15 November 2000 · By: General Assembly resolution 55/25

The Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by land, sea and air, which supplements the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, was established pursuant to General Assembly Resolution 55/25 and adopted on November 15, 2000. One of the purposes of this protocol is to prevent and combat the smuggling of migrants in order to ensure the protection of their fundamental rights; it also aims to promote cooperation among the States Parties to the protocol in addressing this crime, specifically by investigating and prosecuting smuggling networks (whether by land, sea, or air).

Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees | UNHCR Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-relating-status-refugees Adopted: 16 December 1966 · By: General Assembly resolution 2198 (XXI)

The Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees was adopted on December 16, 1966, by the General Assembly of United Nations pursuant to resolution 2198 (XXI) and entered into force on October 4, 1967, in accordance with article VIII. The States parties to the Protocol are obligated to cooperate with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in the performance of its functions and to provide it, as appropriate, with the information it requests regarding the status of refugees and the laws and regulations concerning refugees.

The instruments that constitute the international legal framework on human rights have been selected for their foundational nature and their continued validity under international law as of 2026. The following list compiles treaties, and conventions that, taken together, establish the minimum standards of protection and dignity to which every person is entitled. A specific compilation on this subject is included here because human rights are inherent to every human being and must be guaranteed without distinction, regardless of a person’s legal status in the territory where they are located. They are presented below in alphabetical order to facilitate consultation and reference.

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment | Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading Adopted: 10 December 1984 · By: General Assembly resolution 39/46

The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment was adopted on December 10, 1984, under General Assembly Resolution 39/46. This international treaty seeks to achieve the absolute prohibition and prevention of any act of torture and degrading treatment worldwide, as well as to ensure that acts of torture are not justified under any circumstances (such as wars, political instability, or political emergencies).

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women | OHCHR Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women Adopted: 18 December 1979 · By: General Assembly resolution 34/180

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination was adopted on December 18, 1979, by the General Assembly in its resolution 34/180, but entered into force on September 03, 1981. This convention is a universal instrument for eliminating discrimination against women and protecting the rights (such as the right to education, work, health, etc.) of women worldwide with the aim of safeguarding their wellbeing. Furthermore, it seeks to encourage signatory states to change their policies and laws to provide equal opportunities.

Convention on the Rights of the Child | OHCHR Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child Adopted: 20 November 1989 · By: General Assembly resolution 44/25

The Convention on the Rights of the Child is the primary instrument establishing that all children have the same rights regardless of their origin, sex, religion, or language. This treaty was adopted by the General Assembly in its Resolution 44/25 on November 20, 1989. This international treaty sets forth the rights that children must fully enjoy; therefore, signatory states must protect them and ensure their development and wellbeing.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights | OHCHR Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights Adopted: 16 December 1966 · By: General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI)

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is the universal instrument that commits signatory countries to respect, guarantee, and provide the necessary means to protect fundamental rights -such as the right to life, freedom of expression, freedom of religion, and the right to vote, among others- for all individuals within their territory, without any distinction. It was adopted by the General Assembly on December 16, 1966, through resolution 2200 A (XXI), and entered into force on March 23, 1976.

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights | OHCHR Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights Adopted: 16 December 1966 · By: General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI)

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was adopted by the General Assembly on December 16, 1966, through Resolution 2200 A (XXI), and entered into force on January 03, 1976. It is the primary instrument through which each State party has committed to taking the necessary measures to ensure the full realization of the rights protected under the Convention (such as the right to work, social security, access to food, housing, health care, education, and culture) for all persons without any discrimination on the grounds of race, color, sex, national or social origin, or any other social status.

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination | OHCHR Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial Adopted: 21 December 1965 · By: United Nations General Assembly resolution 2106 (XX)

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination was adopted on December 21, 1965, by the General Assembly in its Resolution 2106 A (XX) and entered into force on January 04, 1969. This convention establishes that States parties must take all necessary and effective measures to prohibit and eradicate racism, discrimination, and segregation based on any grounds (such as race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin). It also establishes the promotion of respect for the human rights of every person, regardless of whether they are a citizen or not.

This section lists the laws, regulations, and institutions that constitute the Australian immigration system, a model characterised by strict border control and its approach to outsourcing the processing of asylum claims. This is particularly relevant today, as the policies implemented by successive governments have established a system of mandatory detention for those arriving by sea and the processing of their applications at centers located outside the country’s territory. Below, they are presented in alphabetical order to facilitate consultation and reference.

Administrative Review Tribunal Administrative Review Tribunal. “Our Role” About us, Australian Government Website Available at: https://www.art.gov.au/about-us/our-role

The Administrative Review Tribunal is an independent federal body responsible for conducting fair and impartial reviews of administrative decisions made by Australian government departments and agencies under the framework of Commonwealth laws and legislative instruments. Among the types of decisions it reviews are those related to immigration, such as visas –including migration and refugee visas–, and Australian citizenship; this body serves as an appeals forum when a person is denied or has a visa revoked, or is denied citizenship.

Australian Citizenship Act 2007 Department of Home Affairs. “Citizenship Cessation.” Department of Home Affairs Website, Australian Government Available at: https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/reports-and-publications/reports/reports-to-parliament/citizenship-cessation

The Australian Citizenship Act (Citizenship Act) came into effect in 2007. This law establishes how Australian citizenship can be obtained (whether by birth, descent, or grant), lost, or renounced. The most recent amendment to the Act was made on December 8, 2023; this amendment corrects legal loopholes that had granted the Minister for Home Affairs unconstitutional authority to directly revoke Australian citizenship.

Australia’s Refugee and Humanitarian Program Department of Home Affairs. “Refugee and Humanitarian Program.” Immigration and Citizenship Website, Australian Government Available at: https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/what-we-do/refugee-and-humanitarian-program/about-the-program/about-the-program

Australia has established itself as one of the leading countries in international resettlement efforts, through the Refugee and Humanitarian Assistance Program, which was established in 1977 in response to the Indochina refugee crisis; the program fulfills global resettlement commitments. It is also responsible for ensuring that mechanisms are in place to assist refugees and people with humanitarian needs who are abroad and need to resettle in Australia, and who therefore wish to apply for protection upon their arrival on Australian territory.

Designated Area Migration Agreements Department of Home Affairs. “ Designated Area Migration Agreements (Dama).” Immigration and Citizenship Website, Labour Agreements Available at: https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/visas/employing-and-sponsoring-someone/labour-agreements/types-of-labour-agreements/designated-area-migration-agreements-(dama)

The Designated Area Migration Agreements (DAMA) is a formal, 5 year agreement that allows employers to sponsor foreign workers (skilled labor). The agreement is entered into between the Australian government and a state or territory government or regional authority.

Department of Home Affairs Department of Home Affairs. “Who we are.” Department of Home Affairs Website, Australian Government Available at: https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/about-us/who-we-are

The Department of Home Affairs is responsible for central coordination of strategies and policies related to border security and management, counter-terrorism, the protection of sovereignty, immigration, and other matters. In the area of migration, it administers and regulates all matters related to immigration, border control, and citizenship, in order to ensure the security of its borders while managing migration programs to address contemporary humanitarian issues.

Migration Act 1958 Federal Register of Legislation. “Migration Act 1958” Federal Register of Legislation Website Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/C1958A00062/latest/text

The Migration Act of 1958, administered by the Department of Home Affairs, is the principal law enacted by the Australian Parliament that governs immigration, border control, the visa system –such as the protection visa provided for in Section 36–, and the detention or deportation of non-citizens.

Migration Regulations 1994 Federal Register of Legislation. “Migration Regulations 1994” Federal Register of Legislation Website Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/F1996B03551/latest/text

The Migration Regulations 1994 are administered by the Department of Home Affairs and constitute the detailed regulations that put the Migration Act of 1958 into practice. These regulations establish eligibility criteria, visa categories –including student, skilled worker, tourist, family, and refugee visas–, application procedures, and the obligations of foreign nationals, among other matters.

This section contains the international instruments on migration and the protection of human rights that establish the fundamental standards in this area and have been ratified by the Australian government. Below, they are presented in alphabetical order to facilitate consultation and reference.

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its Protocol UNHCR. “The 1951 Refugee Convention” UNHCR global website Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/au/who-we-are/1951-refugee-convention

The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951 and its Protocol of 1967 are the legal instruments that form the basis for the operations of the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), which Australia ratified on 22 January 1954 and 13 December 1973, respectively. The convention establishes the principle of non-refoulement and sets forth basic standards regarding the treatment of refugees to ensure their access to fundamental rights, such as housing, work, education, and so on.

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment OHCHR. “Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.” OHCHR Global Website Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading

Australia signed the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment on December 10, 1985, and ratified it on August 8, 1989. This convention seeks to achieve the absolute prohibition and prevention of any act of torture and degrading treatment worldwide, as well as to ensure that acts of torture are not justified under any circumstances (such as wars, political instability, or political emergencies).

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights OHCHR. “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights” OHCHR Global Website Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights

Australia signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on December 18, 1972, and ratified it on August 13, 1980; this covenant is important for the rights of migrants and refugees because its provisions apply to all people regardless of their immigration status. Its provisions establish the protection of fundamental rights – such as the right to life, freedom of expression, freedom of religion, and the right to vote, among others– for all individuals within their territory, without any distinction.

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights OHCHR. “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” OHCHR Global Website Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was signed by Australia on December 18, 1972, and ratified on December 10, 1975, and is the primary instrument through which Australia commits to taking the necessary measures to ensure the realization of the rights protected by the Convention –such as the right to work, social security, access to food, housing, health care, education, and culture– for all persons without any discrimination on the grounds of race, color, sex, national or social origin, or any other social status.

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination OHCHR. “International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination” OHCHR Global Website Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial

Australia signed the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination on 13 October 1966, and subsequently ratified it on 30 September 1975. This convention establishes that States parties –in this case, Australia– must take all necessary and effective measures to prohibit and eradicate racism, discrimination, and segregation based on any grounds –such as race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin–. It also establishes the promotion of respect for the human rights of every person, regardless of whether they are a citizen or not.

The instruments that constitute Canada’s legal framework for immigration have been selected for their ongoing relevance in Canadian law and their fundamental nature. The following list compiles laws and bills that, taken together, have defined the responsibilities of the State and the rights of people on human mobility –migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers. Below, they are presented in alphabetical order to facilitate consultation and reference.

Bill C-12 Parliament of Canada. “Bill C-12” Senate of Canada, House of Commons, 5 Feb. 2026 Available at: https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/45-1/c-12 See also: https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2026/03/new-immigration-and-asylum-measures-from-bill-c-12-the-strengthening-canadas-immigration-system-and-borders-act-have-become-law.html See also: https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/45-1/c-12

The Bill C-12 officially became law on March 26, 2026; it is formally known as the Strengthening Canada’s Immigration System and Borders Act. This bill establishes the following measures: new eligibility requirements for asylum claims; modernization of the asylum process; legal authority for IRCC to share information nationally; and new tools for the Government of Canada to manage immigration documents, such as visas, electronic travel authorizations (eTA), work permits, and study permits.

Bill C-3 Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. “Bill C-3: An Act to Amend the Citizenship Act (2025) Comes into Effect.” Canada.Ca, Government of Canada, 15 Dec. 2025 Available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2025/12/bill-c-3-an-act-to-amend-the-citizenship-act-2025-comes-into-effect.html See also: https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/45-1/c-3?view=about See also: https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2025/12/bill-c-3-an-act-to-amend-the-citizenship-act-2025-comes-into-effect.html

The Bill C-3 came into effect on December 15, 2025, is also known as the Act to Amend the Citizenship Act. This law establishes that IRCC may recognize eligible new citizens and implements new measures for the transmission of Canadian citizenship, with the aim of eliminating the first-generation limit on the transmission of citizenship by descent, and it also resolves cases involving “Lost Canadians”.

Citizenship Act Government of Canada. “Citizenship Act.” Citizenship Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-29), Government of Canada, Department of Justice, 15 Dec. 2025 Available at: https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-29/index.html

Canada’s Citizenship Act was enacted in 1947, is the primary law governing how Canadian citizenship is acquired, lost, and regained, as well as the rights and obligations that come with being a citizen. The law was last amended on December 15, 2025.

Immigration and Refugee Protection Act Government of Canada. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Legislative Services, 26 Mar. 2026 Available at: https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-2.5/FullText.html

The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act was enacted on November 1, 2001, and is the primary legislation governing the entire immigration system, temporary and permanent residency, and the protection of refugees in the country. This law sets out several objectives, including: saving lives and providing protection to displaced and persecuted people; enabling Canada to derive the maximum social, cultural and economic benefits from immigration; and promoting the successful integration of permanent residents, among others. It was last amended on March 26, 2026.

This is a list of selected programs, treaties, and agreements related to migration. They have been chosen for their role in shaping Canadian government policy, as they address fundamental issues such as protection from persecution, humanitarian resettlement, and international cooperation on migration matters. They are listed below in alphabetical order to facilitate consultation and reference.

Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) Government of Canada. “The CETA Agreement and Related Taxes.” Government of Canada, Global Affairs Canada, 19 Aug. 2020 Available at: https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ceta-aecg/agreement-entente.aspx?lang=eng

The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) is the bilateral free trade agreement between Canada and the European Union. Notably, its scope is not limited to the trade in goods and services, as its section on “Trade in Services and Labor Mobility” sets forth measures to facilitate the temporary entry of skilled professionals and businesspeople; this agreement operates on a reciprocal basis for both parties.

Canada-UK Trade Continuity Agreement (Canada-UK TCA) Government of Canada, Global Affairs. “Canada-UK Trade Continuity Agreement (Canada-UK TCA) – Agreement on Trade Continuity.” Government of Canada, Business and Industry, 9 Dec. 2020 Available at: https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/cuktca-acccru/agreement_trade_continuity-accord_continuite_commerciale.aspx?lang=eng

The Canada-United Kingdom Trade Continuity Agreement was established following the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union (Brexit) with the aim of maintaining trade and stability between the two parties. This agreement sets forth provisions on the mobility of people –similar to the rules in force under CETA–, which has allowed for the bilateral entry of skilled workers and entrepreneurs.

Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) Government of Canada, Global Affairs. “The Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA).” Business and Industry, Government of Canada, 29 May 2026 Available at: https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/cusma-aceum/index.aspx?lang=eng

The CUSMA (Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement) is the free trade agreement between Canada, the U.S.A., and Mexico, formerly known as NAFTA. This agreement regulates trade in goods and services among its parties, with the aim of maintaining digital trade and labor standard, among other things. Furthermore, in section 16, which addresses migration and labor mobility, the agreement facilitates the temporary entry of certain professional –such as investors, traders, and entrepreneurs– for short and medium term periods.

Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 1951 Government of Canada. “Human Rights Treaties.” Canada and the United Nations Human Rights System, Government of Canada, 15 Aug. 2024 Available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/canada-united-nations-system/treaties.html

The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees is the primary international treaty that defines who is a refugee; it also establishes standards for the treatment of refugees, including their rights to education, housing, and employment, among others. Canada acceded to the convention in 1969, simultaneously acceding to the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees.

Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. “Canada Adopts Historic Agreement to Address Migration.” Government of Canada, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, 10 Dec. 2018 Available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2018/12/canada-adopts-historic-agreement-to-address-migration.html

The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration is the first global framework to address all aspects of international migration, and it was adopted by Canada on December 10, 2018. The Canadian government played a prominent role in the development of the pact, as its content reflects Canadian practices and aligns with the objectives and commitments set forth in the pact. Furthermore, this pact serves as the first multilateral framework for the global response to migration, as it acknowledges the challenges posed by irregular migration and highlights the contributions of migrants.

Refugee and humanitarian resettlement program with UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees “Refugee Resettlement to Canada.” UNHCR Canada, 22 Apr. 2021 Available at: https://www.unhcr.ca/in-canada/unhcr-role-resettlement/refugee-resettlement-canada/

The Refugee resettlement to Canada through the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is designed to help refugees who are at the greatest risk find a new home. This process involves transferring refugees from one country of asylum to another –in this case, Canada– which is the country that grants them the right to permanent residence. It is important to note that the refugee resettlement process in the province of Quebec operates differently from the Canadian government’s process (it is the only province that follows a different procedure).

Safe Third Country Agreement Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. “Canada-US Safe Third Country Agreement.” Government of Canada, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, 25 Mar. 2026 Available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/mandate/policies-operational-instructions-agreements/agreements/safe-third-country-agreement.html

The Safe Third Country Agreement is the agreement between the United States and Canada that establishes the guidelines asylum seekers must follow to apply for asylum; it entered into force on December 29, 2004. This agreement is part of the Smart Border Action Plan between the two countries and serves as one of the tools that has helped both governments better manage their respective asylum systems for people crossing the land border.

Over the past decade, the European Union has progressively tightened its migration policies, driven by the crises of 2015 and pressure on its external borders. The shift toward a more restrictive model took effect with the entry into force of the Pact on Migration and Asylum in June 2026, which reformed the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). Below are the main laws, regulations and institutions that make up the European Union’s legal framework; they are presented in alphabetical order to facilitate consultation and reference.

Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (2021-2027) Migration and Home Affairs. “Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (2021-2027).” Migration and Home Affairs Website, 6 July 2026 Available at: https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/funding/asylum-migration-and-integration-funds/asylum-migration-and-integration-fund-2021-2027_en?prefLang=es

The Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) has been established as a financial instrument for the 2021-2027 period with the aim of strengthening national capacities by co-financing projects that reinforce and improve migration management procedures. There are four main objectives: to strengthen and develop the CEAS; to support legal migration to member states; to collaborate in the fight against irregular migration; and to strengthen solidarity among member states, particularly those most affected by migration and asylum matters.

Common European Asylum System (CEAS) European Union Agency for Asylum. “The Common European Asylum System and Current Issues.” EUAA Website Available at: https://www.euaa.europa.eu/asylum-report-2020/21-common-european-asylum-system-and-current-issues

The Common European Asylum System (CEAS) was established in 1999 with the aim of creating a set of common rules to ensure efficient and harmonized asylum procedures throughout the European Union. This legal and political framework seeks to ensure that all individuals seeking international protection in the EU are treated fairly and that their applications are processed according to equivalent criteria. However, the entry into force of the Pact on Migration and Asylum, in June 2026, has brought about profound changes to the system. Among the most significant changes is the implementation of a mandatory screening process for all individuals who arrive irregularly at the EU’s external borders.

European Border and Coast Guard Agency (FRONTEX) FRONTEX. “Who We Are.” FRONTEX Website Available at: https://www.frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/who-we-are/structure/

The European Border and Coast Guard Agency (FRONTEX) is the agency that operates under Regulation EU 2019/1896, is responsible for providing support to EU member states in managing the EU’s external borders, and serves as a hub for border control activities, sharing intelligence with EU member states and non-member states affected by migration flows and cross-border crime. In the area of migration, FRONTEX participates in the identification of migrants, collaborates with the EUAA on the development of instruments, and is responsible for coordinating and providing technical and operational support for deportation flights.

European Centre Against Migrant Smuggling (ECAMS) Europol. “European Centre Against Migrant Smuggling (ECAMS) – Tackling the Organised Criminal Groups Profiting from Migrant Smuggling.” Europol, 12 May 2026 Available at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/about-europol/european-centre-against-migrant-smuggling-ecams

The European Centre Against Migrant Smuggling (ECAMS) was one of the outcomes of the new Pact on Migration and Asylum and was established in March 2026 by Europol; it also replaced the former European Migrant Smuggling Centre (EMSC). The center aims to provide operational, technical and forensic support to European Union member states, focusing on dismantling migrant smuggling networks; it also facilitates and conducts secondary security checks at EU entry points.

European Union Asylum Agency (EUAA) EUAA. “What We Do – EUAA.” European Union Agency for Asylum Website Available at: https://www.euaa.europa.eu/about-us/what-we-do

The European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) is the EU agency that serves as a support resource for member states in implementing EU laws governing asylum, international protection and reception conditions. This agency aims to harmonize asylum practices across all member states, ensuring that all applications for protection are treated equally, regardless of the country in which they are filed. In addition, the agency seeks to improve coordination with countries of origin and transit by appointing liaison officers, collaborating with authorities in non-EU countries, providing operational assistance to member states facing migratory pressures, and monitoring member states’ implementation of European legislation on asylum and reception practices, among other measures.

Pact on Migration and Asylum European Commission. “Pact on Migration and Asylum.” Migration and Home Affairs, 11 June 2026 Available at: https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/migration-and-asylum/pact-migration-and-asylum_en?prefLang=es

The creation of the Pact on Migration and Asylum stems from previous proposals and modifies them, resulting in a set of 10 rules that took effect on 12 June 2026 for the management of migration based on European values. The rules included in the pact are designed to manage and regulate migration in the long term, with the aim of ensuring that the European Union’s borders are strong and secure, while also safeguarding people’s rights and ensuring that no EU country has to handle the situation on its own.

Regulation (EU) 2024/1348 EUR – Lex. “Regulation EU – 2024/1348.” European Union Website, 22 May 2024 Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1348/oj/eng

The Regulation 2024/1348 was adopted on May 14 by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. This regulation establishes a common procedure for international protection (asylum applications) in the EU and repeals Directive 2013/32/EU; it requires preliminary identity, health, and security checks before formal entry into the territory, and sets a 12-week deadline for deciding on applications only for individuals who are unlikely to be granted protection, among other provisions.

Regulation (EU) 2024/1349 EUR – Lex. “Regulation EU – 2024/1349.” European Union Website, 22 May 2024 Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1349/oj/eng

The Regulation 2024/1349 is the European Union regulation on the border return procedure at the EU’s external border and was adopted on May 14, 2024. This regulation describes the process to be applied to non-EU nationals and stateless persons whose applications have been denied under the border asylum procedure; it establishes a maximum period of 12 weeks to process the return of these individuals, in addition to granting a maximum period of 15 days for voluntary departure, among other provisions.

Regulation (EU) 2024/1356 EUR – Lex. “Regulation EU – 2024/1356.” European Union Website, 22 May 2024 Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1356/oj/eng

The Regulation 2024/1356, also known as the Screening Regulation, was adopted on May 14, 2024. The regulation establishes mandatory identity, security, health, and vulnerability checks at the European Union’s borders for all persons who arrive irregularly or who are rescued at sea and seek protection.

Schengen Borders Code European Union. “Regulation – 2016/399 – Schengen Borders Code.” EUR-Lex, 23 Mar. 2016 Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/399/oj/eng

The Schengen Borders Code is governed by Regulation EU 2016/399, which establishes a set of European Union rules governing the movement of people across borders; this set of rules guarantees free movement without internal border controls. In addition, it aims to strike a balance between freedom of movement and the management of security and migration flows by establishing rigorous controls for all third-country nationals who cross the border irregularly or apply for asylum.

Temporary Protection Directive Migration and Home Affairs. “Temporary Protection.” Migration and Home Affairs Website, 2026 Available at: https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/migration-and-asylum/asylum-eu/temporary-protection_en

The Temporary Protection Directive was established in 2001 by the European Union as the framework for providing rapid and immediate refugee to people displaced by war or mass violence, thereby avoiding lengthy asylum procedures and streamlining temporary asylum processes; it also grants access to immediate benefits such as housing, the labor market, education, and medical care. This regulation was activated by the European Council to manage the massive influx of refugees after the conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

The section below provides an overview of the main legal instruments and institutions governing the field of human mobility in Mexico. This regulatory framework establishes the rights, procedures, and obligations for both individuals in migration and refugee contexts and the Mexican government, covering topics ranging from asylum applications to immigration regulation, among others. Below, they are presented in alphabetical order to facilitate consultation and reference.

Immigration Law | In Spanish: Ley de Migración Cámara de Diputados. “Ley de Migración.” Cámara de Diputados, 25 May 2011 Available at: https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/ref/lmigra.htm

The Mexican Law on Migration was published on May 25, 2011, and its most recent amendment was published in the Official Gazette of the Federation (DOF-for its Spanish acronym) on January 15, 2026. This law establishes respect for the human rights of migrants regardless of their origin, immigration status, gender, and other factors; it also establishes freedom of movement as the right of every person to enter, remain in, travel through, and leave Mexican national territory. Furthermore, it sets forth the powers and obligations of the National Institute of Migration (INM-for its Spanish acronym).

Nationality Law | In Spanish: Ley de Nacionalidad Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. “Ley de Nacionalidad.” SRE, 12 Jan. 2005 Available at: https://sre.gob.mx/ley-de-nacionalidad

The Law on Nationality was published on January 23, 1998, and was last amended on January 12, 2005. This law regulates how Mexican nationality is acquired and verified, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (SRE-for its Spanish acronym) responsible for its enforcement; it is through the provisions of this law that foreigners with legal residency may become naturalized citizens.

Law on Refugees, Complementary Protection, and Political Asylum | In Spanish: Ley sobre Refugiados, Protección Complementaria y Asilo Político Cámara de Diputados. “Ley Sobre Refugiados, Protección Complementaria y Asilo Político.” Cámara de Diputados, 27 Jan. 2011 Available at: https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/ref/lrpcap.htm

The Law on Refugees, Complementary Protection, and Political Asylum –formerly known as the “Law on Refugees and Complementary Protection”– was officially published on January 27, 2011, and was last amended on February 18, 2022. This law regulates the right to international protection in Mexico, establishing the legal framework for granting political asylum and refugee status; it also defines these legal categories. Furthermore, it establishes complementary protection, which prevents the return of any foreign national to a territory where their life or freedom would be at risk due to torture or cruel treatment, thereby guaranteeing the principle of non-refoulement.

Mexican Commission for Refugee Assistance | In Spanish: Comisión Mexicana de Ayuda a Refugiados Gobierno de México. “Comisión Mexicana de Ayuda a Refugiados.” Secretaría de Gobernación, COMAR Available at: https://www.gob.mx/comar/que-hacemos

The Mexican Commission for Refugee Assistance (COMAR-from its Spanish acronym) is the institution established by the Mexican government on July 22, 1980, to receive, review, and decide on applications for refugee status in Mexico. COMAR bases its functions and operations on the legal framework established by the Law on Refugees, Complementary Protection, and Political Asylum; the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States; the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951 and its Protocol of 1967; and the Cartagena Declaration on Refugees of 1984. In addition, it carries out institutional outreach and assistance initiatives for the benefit of asylum seekers, refugees, and beneficiaries of complementary protection.

National Institute of Migration | In Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Migración Gobierno de, México. “Instituto Nacional de Migración, ¿Qué hacemos?” Gobierno de México, GOB MX Available at: https://www.gob.mx/inm/que-hacemos

The National Institute of Migration was established on October 19, 1993, as a decentralized administrative body under the Ministry of the Interior. Its objective is to ensure that immigration management is conducted with respect for migrants, and its primary task is to provide all foreign nationals with the necessary support to carry out legal, orderly, and safe immigration procedures through the implementation of the Immigration Law and its regulations.

Regulations for the Immigration Law| In Spanish: Reglamento de la Ley de Migración Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación. “Reglamento de La Ley de Migración.” Suprema Corte de Justicia de La Nación, 23 May 2014 Available at: https://legislacion.scjn.gob.mx/Buscador/Paginas/wfArticuladoFast.aspx?q=PlOrqrSvLTzAsqvzQ7fUk2fxn/3p3XXnnqfPP+s6pDw7eCfz6Gz/SGIMveBBr4733bOXMQWwI0uneTNItM7Tvg==

The Regulations for the Immigration Law were published on May 23, 2014, and are responsible for establishing the implementation and operational framework of the Immigration Act. This document contains the rules governing how the authorities –in this case, the National Institute of Migration– must carry out their duties regarding the regulation of the entry, transit, stay, and departure of foreign nationals (including migrants and refugees) and Mexican nationals.

Regulations for the Law on Refugees and Complementary Protection | In Spanish: Reglamento de la Ley sobre Refugiados y Protección Complementaria Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación. “Reglamento de La Ley Sobre Refugiados y Protección Complementaria.” Suprema Corte de Justicia de La Nación, 21 Feb. 2012 Available at: https://legislacion.scjn.gob.mx/Buscador/Paginas/wfArticuladoFast.aspx?q=hTF27+Bm22HmIOkLTZzDmz9kXp2TMlliEL0uOn4U2jpeXF1F3VWKmrie8Q92Oz329CpUVvqC0w0k+c01tAbOmw==

The Regulations for the Law on Refugees and Complementary Protection establish the procedures through which the Mexican government must guarantee the protection of refugees and asylum seekers, as well as develop and detail the practical implementation of the law. The regulations were published on February 21, 2012, and serve as the mechanism for putting the law and its protective principles into practice through Mexican institutions, so that asylum seekers and individuals recognized as refugees have access to integration (among others) within the country.

This section lists the treaties, conventions, and international cooperation programs to which Mexico is a party in the areas of migration and refugee protection, within the framework of public international law. Below, they are presented in alphabetical order to facilitate consultation and reference.

American Convention on Human Rights | In Spanish: Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos Organización de los Estados Americanos. “Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos (Pacto de San José)” OEA, Tratados Multilaterales, 22 Nov. 1969 Available at: https://www.oas.org/dil/esp/tratados_B-32_convencion_americana_sobre_derechos_humanos.htm

The American Convention on Human Rights, also known as the Pact of San José or “Pacto de San José” in Spanish, is an international treaty that was adopted on November 22, 1969; Mexico regards it as a fundamental basis for the defense of human dignity within its territory and acceded to it on March 24, 1981. The treaty establishes a commitment to respect and protect fundamental civil and political rights, guaranteeing the right to life, freedom of expression, the prohibition of slavery, and equality before the law, among others.

Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) | In Spanish: Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá (T-MEC) Gobierno de México. “Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá T-MEC” Secretaría de Economía, GOB MX, 01 July, 2020 Available at: https://www.gob.mx/t-mec

The Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (T-MEC–its Spanish acronym), formerly known as the “North American Free Trade Agreement”, is the free trade agreement among the three countries of North America whose purpose is to regulate trade, investment, and economic competitiveness among the three countries. Although it is not an immigration agreement in the traditional sense on its own, Chapter 16 contains guidelines that facilitate temporary labor mobility for certain professional workers.

Cartagena Declaration on Refugees | In Spanish: Declaración de Cartagena sobre Refugiados UNHCR. “Cartagena Declaration on Refugees” The UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR, 22 Nov. 1984 Available at: https://www.acnur.org/sites/default/files/2024-03/Declaracion-de-Cartagena-1984.pdf

The Cartagena Declaration on Refugees was adopted in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, on November 22, 1984, by the Colloquium on the International Protection of Refugees in Central America, Mexico and Panama. This declaration arose in response to the new dimensions of the Central American situation with regard to refugees. It establishes the need to coordinate and harmonize universal, regional and national systems related to human mobility, and is considered one of the fundamental instruments for protection, serving as a precursor to a series of principles regarding internal displacement.

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its Protocol | In Spanish: Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados y su Protocolo UNHCR. “The 1951 Refugee Convention” UNHCR global website Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/about-unhcr/overview/1951-refugee-convention

The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951 and its Protocol of 1967 are the legal instruments that form the basis for the operations of the United Nations Refugee Agency. Mexico officially acceded to the convention and its protocol on June 7, 2000. The convention establishes the principle of non-refoulement and sets forth basic standards regarding the treatment of refugees to ensure their access to fundamental rights, such as housing, work, education, and so on.

Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration Gobierno de México. “UN General Assembly Endorses Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration” Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, GOB.MX, 19 December, 2018 Available at: https://www.gob.mx/sre/prensa/un-general-assembly-endorses-global-compact-for-safe-orderly-and-regular-migration

The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration is the first global framework to address all aspects of international migration, Mexico was one of the most active participants in its creation, promoting a human rights-based approach; moreover, the Mexican government remains committed to achieving the 23 goals set forth in the Global Compact. Furthermore, this pact serves as the first multilateral framework for the global response to migration, as it acknowledges the challenges posed by irregular migration and highlights the contributions of migrants.

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families | In Spanish: Convención Internacional sobre la Protección de los Derechos de Todos los Trabajadores Migratorios y de sus Familiares United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. “International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families” OHCHR Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-protection-rights-all-migrant-workers

The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families is an important legal instrument for migrant workers, regardless of their migratory status, given that in practice they are often employed under working conditions that are more unfavourable than other workers. Mexico ratified the Convention on March 8, 1999, and in doing so issued an interpretive declaration and a reservation reaffirming its political commitment to securing international protection for the rights of all migrant workers.

This section outlines the legal and institutional framework of the U.S. immigration system, which is particularly relevant today due to the policies implemented by Donald Trump’s administration through August 2026. This administration has been marked by mass deportations, visa restrictions, and changes to the asylum system, which have redefined migrants’ access and rights in the country. Below, they are presented in alphabetical order to facilitate consultation and reference.

Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. “What We Do” USCIS, Organization, 20 January, 2025 Available at: https://www.uscis.gov/about-us/mission-and-core-values/what-we-do

The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is the federal administrative agency responsible for overseeing legal immigration to the United States. It was established in 1891 following the creation of the first Immigration Office within the Department of the Treasury. Some of its functions include: managing the process that allows people from other countries to work in the United States; processing applications for naturalization to become U.S. citizens; and administering humanitarian programs that provide protection to people both inside and outside the United States who have been displaced by war, civil and political violence, and other causes.

Customs and Border Protection (CBP) U.S. Customs and Border Protection. “About CBP” Official website, CBP Available at: https://www.cbp.gov/about

The Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the federal agency responsible for protecting the United States’ borders; it was established as part of the Department of Homeland Security on March 1, 2003. Its work consists of enhancing national security through innovation, intelligence, collaboration, and trust; its mission is to safeguard the borders by combating terrorism and transnational crime.

CBP One (it no longer exists) U.S., Customs and Border Protection. “CBP Removes Scheduling Functionality in CBP One App.” U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Newsroom, 21 Jan. 2025 Available at: https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-removes-scheduling-functionality-cbp-one-app

The CBP One was an official mobile app launched in October 2020 by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Its primary function regarding immigration matters was to serve as the platform through which migrants in central and northern Mexico could schedule appointments to enter a border checkpoint and file asylum or humanitarian permit applications with the United States. However, on January 20, 2025, under the administration of President Donald Trump, it was announced that the appointment scheduling feature for these purposes would be eliminated; moreover all pending appointments were canceled, and the app ceased to operate as a means of applying for entry or permits at the U.S. border.

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. “Immigration and Customs Enforcement” Official website, ICE Available at: https://www.ice.gov/about-ice

The Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) was created in 2003 as a result of the merger of the investigative and internal oversight units of the former U.S. Customs Service and the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Its primary objective is to protect the country through criminal investigations and the enforcement of immigration laws to safeguard national security and public safety. Currently, under the Trump administration, its arrest and deportation operations have intensified, and according to official agency data, more than 356,000 deportations have been carried out.

Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. “Immigration and Nationality Act” Laws and Policy, Legislation U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Available at: https://www.uscis.gov/laws-and-policy/legislation/immigration-and-nationality-act

The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) is the primary federal law of the United States that governs the entire immigration and nationality system; it was enacted in 1952. This law defines who may enter, live, and work in the country through various visa categories, and it also establishes the rules for citizenship and deportation.

Refugee Act of 1979 U.S. Congress. “S.643 – Refugee Act of 1979” Legislation, 96th U.S. Congress Available at: https://www.congress.gov/bill/96th-congress/senate-bill/643

The Refugee Act was proposed in 1979 and enacted in 1980. This law consists of immigration reform aimed at establishing the U.S. national system that regulates the admission and adjustment of status of refugees; it was incorporated as an amendment to the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA).

The international instruments listed here represent the United States’ formal commitments to the protection of refugees and to regional cooperation on migration. However, it is important to note that while the U.S. government has signed numerous treaties, most have not been ratified by the Senate; as a result, they are not legally binding, and compliance with them does not generate international obligations. Below, they are presented in alphabetical order to facilitate consultation and reference.

Safe Third Country Agreement U.S. Customs and Border Protection. “Safe Third Country Agreement with Canada Additional Protocol Guidance Memo” Official website, Documents Library, 21 January 2026 Available at: https://www.cbp.gov/document/foia-record/safe-third-country-agreement-canada-additional-protocol-guidance-memo

The Safe Third Country Agreement is the agreement between the United States and Canada that establishes the guidelines asylum seekers must follow to apply for asylum; was signed on December 5, 2002, but entered into force on December 29, 2004. This agreement is part of the Smart Border Action Plan between the two countries and serves as one of the tools that has helped both governments better manage their respective asylum systems for people crossing the land border.

Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees U.S. Congress. “Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees” Treaty Documents, 90th U.S. Congress Available at: https://www.congress.gov/treaty-document/90th-congress/27

The Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees was ratified by the United States Senate on April 10, 1968. The States parties –in this case the United States– to the Protocol are obligated to cooperate with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in the performance of its functions and to provide it, as appropriate, with the information it requests regarding the status of refugees and the laws and regulations concerning refugees.